Philosophical Poems The Stolen Boat By William Wordsworth

When The Majestic Becomes The Monstrous

The stolen melons are the sweetest, stolen apples taste the best. The poet has reminiscences of adolescent age when he stole a boat for a ride. The poet in the very first line says that he was ‘led by her’ to the place where the boat was moored. The nature (or her) steered him to steal the boat. The pleasure is not absolute, but a ‘troubled pleasure’ that pricks his conscience even after he has retrieved the boat at its former place. So the aftermath of the ‘stolen’ thing is a haunted conscience that troubles the thief for a long time. It may trouble lifelong depending upon the severity of crime, mental condition when the ‘crime’ was committed and the sensitivity of the person to react to a situation.

During the adolescent age mind is experimenting and experiencing many new things. It has more attraction towards things forbidden by society. Stealing is not necessarily for permanent possession or consumption of a thing. The boat was stolen for a ride and was to be moored in the same place once the adventure of the journey was over. The innocence in stealing makes the poem attractive. The magnitude of the crime is trifle and readers are full of sympathy for pious thief.

The poem is a confirmation of the age old saying ’guilty conscience pricks the mind’. The guilt may supersede the magnitude of the offense. The monster is within us. The daring is not in confrontation, but in hurried escapism to save the psyche from some irreversible damage. The poet decides to turn back with ‘trembling oars’. Things appear beautiful from a distance, when we go closure the ugly side is revealed. Sometime the revelation is so all of a sudden that a person is taken aback with a shock of the unexpected. The unreconciled psyche sends a danger signal and ‘defense mechanism’ insist on avoiding the cause of trouble.

All craggy hills have hidden monsters. If the boat was not a stolen one, the boy could have enjoyed the lofty and majestic hills, the shades of colour bathed in moonlight, the silence and solitude. The journey in a stolen boat started with a beautiful scenery of ‘small circles glittering idly’, ‘elfin pinnace’, ‘silent lake’, ‘like a swan’ are some beautiful perceptions of untroubled mind. The mind is mesmerised, and has obliterated the moral coaching done by society. The ‘natural’ seems to have won over the ‘artificial’. Society is appalled by pleasure of an individual and it always strikes with a greater force. The majestic becomes monstrous due to change in perception. The means become more important than the end. Poet surrenders his inner 'Self ' which is molded by outer forces. He is compelled to retreat. Even the retreat is not graceful as the ‘way back’ to ‘covert of the willow tree’ also appears ‘stolen way’. The poet is now ‘in grave and serious mood’. The ‘familiar shapes’ become scary and pleasant images of trees, sea, sky, green fields and majestic mountains are vanished. Now a ‘grim shape’ that keeps on ‘growing stature’ stands between him and stars symbolic of ‘material self’ and ‘pure self’. Every experience teaches a lesson. The poet gets a peep into ‘unknown modes of being’ a ‘darkness’, ‘solitude’ or ‘blank desertion’. Those parts of his existence were hidden somewhere in depth, hitherto.

Travelling at sea was never a smooth sailing for mankind. Even the veterans had many kinds of illusion and hallucination in the calm of the sea during a voyage. The adolescent mind of the poet is quite imaginative. An ‘optical illusion’ is easily transformed into ‘fear of unknown’ which is an integral part of the human psyche. Society exploits this fear to frame the structure and framework of institutions.

© Vipin Behari Goyal

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Ode On Melancholy By John Keats

Old Age in Literature

The Best is Yet To Come

The Old Age is one of the prime issues for Literature. How society provides necessities and comfort to older generation is the criterion of its evolution. The old age is embodiment of all types of physical and mental degeneration. The consumption of youth is old age and consumption of old age is death. The inevitability has an unexpectedness and epiphany in store.

The Time has arrived to change your old tattered coat and get a new one. The Master has already chosen a perfect design that would suit you best. He has already forgiven all your sins and Kingdom of Heaven is waiting for you.

Literature has deep connections with old age. Every great poet has written at least something about it. Every person has his own perception of old age. What is the age when a person can be called old?

Being a senior citizen is different from being an old man. How old is really old that everybody would agree is old. How does anybody matter if that person himself does not agree to it.

The NY Times has many views of its readers on this topic. The range is wide. Some believe that 30 is the onset of old age while others believe that 75 is a good age to be labeled as old. It seems that every person becomes old at different age. There are many external factors that determine the oldness of a person. How disciplined life you have lived? Were you moderate in your approach? Did you sin and never heard the voice of conscience? Have you earned the love and respect of your family and friends?

Not only the factors that are in your hand, but also there are factors over which you had no control. Have you inherited a strong body? All those to whom you loved and cared are safe and healthy? Have you attended many funerals of your loved one younger to you?

Robert Browning in his poem Rabbi Ben Ezra said

Grow old along with me!

The best is yet to be,

The last of life for which the first was made:

In fact, all the thirty-two stanzas in this poem are full of wisdom to accept the old age and depart happily.

W. B. Yeats in his poem “Sailing to Byzantium” declares

There is no country for old men.

An aged man is but a paltry thing,

A tattered coat upon a stick,

W. B. Yeats in his poem “The Tower” cries

What shall I do with this absurdity

O heart, O troubled heart - This caricature,

Decrepit age that has been tied to me

As to a dog’s tail.

Alfred Lord Tennyson in his poem "Ulysses" said

Old age hath yet his honour and his toil

Death closes all; but something ere the end,

Some work of noble note, may yet be done,

At the end of this poem Tennyson revealed

Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will

To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.

R. W. Emerson in "Terminus" accepts

It is time to be old,

To take in sail:-

DH. Lawrence in "Beautiful Old Age" expects

It ought to be lovely to be old

to be full peace that comes of experience

King Lear in a play by Shakespeare laments

I am very foolish fond old man…

I fear I am not in my perfect mind.

“The old man and the Sea” by Ernest Hemingway is a saga of an old man who had a strong will power and conquers the nature.

The literature is quite optimistic about old age.

                                                        From ”Tall Man Small Shadow”.

“The Old Man and the Nymph” show how life force of nymphs can rejuvenate the old age.

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© Vipin Behari Goyal

Advocate, Rajasthan High Court, Jodhpur, India 

A country in Romance

Decline of Romanticism

Kerala Photo by Ashu Mittal

Being a Country in Romance is entirely different from being a Democratic or Sovereign country. It implies that the country which is a political unit with well defined geographical territory, is inhibited by people who are romantic.

William Wordsworth had visited France before he composed the poem “The French Revolution”. He was obviously impressed that the whole nation is enchanted by Reason as the prime motive for a revolution to bring a change. The attraction of a country in romance was undeniable. As we know W. Wordsworth, he would never compose a poem when there is the spontaneous overflow of powerful emotion, but after some time when he would sit in contemplative mood he would recollect those emotions in tranquility. Slowly the tranquility would disappear and the emotions would gradually re-emerge with more intensity. At this moment he would compose the poem which would become immortal as 'The Daffodil' or 'Tintern Abbey'.

If we examine the characteristics of Romanticism we can decide if the country is really in Romance.

1. Love of Nature:

It is not as easy as it sounds. If we had ever really loved nature, it would have never become so dangerously polluted as it is today. If we go by statistics of environmental science no country can claim to have a love of nature. Loving is nurturing, not destroying.(Tweet it)

2. Emotional dominance:

Instead of reason or intellect, emotions, feelings, instincts and intuitions should prevail in a country in Romance. In an analysis, we find that people have become more egocentric, selfish, goal oriented and materialistic in approach. They have become more callous towards the suffering of humanity. Disparity in rich and poor would not have widened, if people were emotional.

3. Folklore language in Literature:

Since beginning, literature was created in two types of languages. Language of Elite and that of Folklore. Though out of fashion elite also read and appreciate Folklore literature but that is only a pretense to show off that they understand and care about life and sufferings of common people.

4. Exoticism:

Lands of mysteries and voodoo have always enchanted the curious mind of people. After the advent of media and transportation nothing is exotic any more.

5. Supernatural:

Due to spread of education and progress of science less and less people now believe in supernatural powers.

6. Haunted by the Past:

Some countries do not have a glorious past. If we go few centuries back, which is small time looking into the history of civilization, they did not even existed on the map of the world. They are now leading powers of the world. Some others who have a rich history of thousands of years are now almost beggars. Past is future, so no need to be haunted by it.

Thus we find that there is no country in Romance, Wordsworth was also disappointed by aftermath of French Revolution.

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Dilemma of Modern Man expounded by T.S.Eliot in "The Wasteland"

© Vipin Behari Goyal

The Unspoken Agony of the Girl in The Last Ride Together by Robert Browning

The girls are mysterious, The boys are obsessive

No doubt, the readers are so much hooked by the thrill and passion of narrator that they become totally oblivious to the feelings of the girl. In the last stanza the lover too is taken aback by the total silence of his girl friend
“And yet-she has not spoke so long!
But her silence does not seem to bother him. For a moment he comes out of his engrossment by her silence, but that doesn’t stop him from further contemplating that heaven is nothing but life at its best.
In the first stanza lover demands two things from the girl when she declined his proposal. His first demand is only a trick to get her consent for his second demand. In a way he has coaxed and enticed her for his ulterior motive.

Robert Browning

    “Take back the hope you gave,-I claim
     Only a memory of the same,
     And this beside ,if you will not blame
    Your leave for one more last ride with me.”    
The girl was dubious and apprehensive since she saw no point in the pleadings of her lover. If he wants to keep memories who can stop him? Why he wants my permission for that? Why he is insisting for one more ride? In their long relationship they had many rides together in all kinds of seasons and ambience. How does one more matters ? He had always been gentle in his approaches, does he want to cross the limits on his last ride together.
  “My mistress bent that brow of hers
   Those deep dark eyes where pride demurs
   When pity would be softening through
   Fixed me a breathing- while or two
   With life or death in the balance : right !
The boy looked at her as if his life depended on her answer. She saw that no harm could come from him. The girl could read that boy has hushed the conscience. The boy had no moral right to take the girl on ride when she had already declined his proposal.
“Thus leant she and lingered- joy and fear !
  Thus lay she a moment on my breast.”
After deciding to give him the advantage of her company for the last time she climbs beside him. In a natural gesture her head rests on his breast for a moment longer and she saw how his face was filled with ecstasy. She again hesitated in depriving him of a bliss which he may never have again in his life.

                                                                       “Then we began to ride.”

Who are they?(Hint-Bollywood Legend)

 And it was long, serene, peaceful ride. She does not know what he was thinking all the time. Both of them remained silent. She was expecting him to be gloomy, but he looked cheerful and gay.

 “ Had fate proposed bliss here should sublimate
    My being - Had I signed the bond—
    Still one must lead some life beyond, 
    Have a bliss to die with, dim-descried".
She was feeling uncomfortable due to his exuberance. Does he want to show that he would live more happily without her. He was full of pity when he requested for last ride together, but now his charms seems to have returned fortified and he was in jubilant mood due to his victory over her. This thought has made her uncomfortable and she wants to finish the ride as soon as possible. In a way she also cursed the weak moment when her heart melted and she gave consent for this ride.
His face was glowing with radiance. She had no heart to shun it.
After all, she also had reminiscences of precious moments of her life spent with him.
© Vipin Behari Goyal
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Hollow Modern Women castigated By T.S. Eliot in The Waste Land

Reputation is more important than chastity for Modern Women

Rhine-Daughters

Modern Man and the Ape Man came across each other at the bridge, once again. Modern Man had come to admire nature on the recommendation of his Psychiatrist and Ape Man had come to admire the technology of man-made bridge. When Modern Man asked Ape Man about his views on boredom, he was reluctant to share. When Modern Man insisted he spoke only one line.

“Here one can neither stand nor lie nor sit”

For Modern Man the line was simply absurd. What can someone do if not stand, lie or sit? Fly? He was annoyed at the Ape Man, as if he was responsible for what Tiresias said.

"No you can’t even fly, because you do not have a powerful imagination like Super Man". Modern Man felt stuck. He looked at Ape Man.

Ape Man explained “To look for anything is to act on the hypothesis that it exists, faith precedes faith in regressive manner.” Modern Man remembered having heard this too. Ape Man said “You can’t take stand for your belief, you can’t prostrate in surrender, nor you can contemplate in lotus position. So you are doomed.”

Modern Man was stunned till he received a voice message from his wife. “I am at a party and will return home at late tonight. Do not wait for me. Serve dinner yourself. Love you, baby”. Followed by the sound of a kiss.

They had an instant eye contact. Ape Man was smiling satirically. Both had noticed that excuse to party was lame. The voice was hollow and there was no background noise of the party.

Ape Man said “If there were water…or….if there were the sound of water only.” After a pause, he said "Hollow Woman”.

Modern Man ignored the remark. He did not want to discuss his personal relationship with his wife with the Ape Man.

Ape Man could read the mind of Modern Man. He changed the topic. He told to Modern Man “Your civilisation is travelling back, towards us and our civilisation is travelling forward towards you. Like a time traveller we are neither past nor future. I hear about your nude beaches and organic farming. You are back to nature on the advice of your psychiatrist. In my clan many women have started covering their private parts with sheep skin. I know this shame will make our society corrupt. Women with covered skin becomes more desirable. This will lead to all other types of corruption.”

“Stop them from wearing loincloth. You are the Head” Modern Man retorted.

“Society is also dynamic. It evolves and undergoes a change with the advancement of time like an individual”. Ape Man was now in a trance. He continued "Chinua Achebe in Things Fall Apart could not stop society from evolving”.

Modern Man knew he was talking to a Time Traveller.

Modern Man decided to take his opinion. “Why did you call our women as hollow” he asked.

“Because they are more bothered about reputation than chastity. Remember Philomela?” Ape Man asked.

Modern Man nodded. He had been reading The Waste Land many times a day. Chastity was no more a virtue in his society. Everything is mechanical. Even Sex. Mechanisation is Boredom. Even all the attempts to break the monotony have also become stereotyped.

Chastity of Pamela by Richardson was mocked at in Shamela by Henry Fielding. Chastity even a fake chastity is better, as a bad man is better than bad name.©

Things were falling into place when the Modern Man received a voice message from his girlfriend.

To save himself from embarrassment Modern Man walked away.

Read story of The Old Man and The Nymph

© Vipin Behari Goyal

Advocate, Rajasthan High Court, Jodhpur, India

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Dilemma of Modern Man expounded by T. S. Eliot in "The Wasteland

Dilemma of Modern Man expounded by T.S.Eliot in "The Wasteland"

No Fear in Handful of Dust

The modern man returned disappointed. He could not commit suicide due to the gadget devised by him. The sensor had suggested him to read “The Wasteland”. The book had caused anxiety in him. He went for suicide since he found the life aimless and purposeless. After reading the book he was confused.

How the same act if done for procreation or for love is justified and is of high moral values, and condemned as a symbol of spiritual decay if  done for pleasure. Since the author did not have any convincing argument to support his Theory of Spiritual degeneration”, he had randomly picked up scriptures of mystic Eastern, to provide a solution which was already known to the entire civilization. The concept of Da in Brihdaranyak and “The Fire Sermon” in Buddhism did not match with dialectic and didactics of modern man.

The modern man had a comfortable relationship with his girlfriend. After living together for last two years, they found that they were not intimate enough to perform the act.

So Modern Man was of opinion that the author of that monologue was obsessed with sex.  In 430 lines verse, at many a spot, modern man thought, he could read the mind of Poet even though his spokesman was Tiresias. The poet had devised some new sounds the exact meaning of which were obscure, but were led to the vulgar representation of the act.

And still she cried, and still the world pursues,

jug jug to dirty ears. (V. 100)

Twit twit twit

Jug jug jug jug jug jug ( V. 200)

Only a cock stood on the rooftree

Co co rico co co rico(v.390)

Weialala leia

Wallala leialala (v. 280)

Modern man did not believe in experimenting with phonetics and linguist, especially by a poet.

The narration of episode of Typist and Clerk was disgusting. The typist gave herself with total indifference and apathy.

Exploring hands encounter no defense;

His vanity requires no response,

And makes a welcome of indifference. (V. 240)

In the opinion of Modern Man such indifference in the act was admirable.

The elaborate preparations which were once prerequisite of idle man and woman to perform the act were neither affordable nor tolerable.

The stories narrated by the three daughters of the Thames are abominable. The Modern Men had refined taste so far as art was concerned. He did not find the description was in good taste.

Undid me. By Richmond I raised my

knees

Supine on the floor of narrow canoe.

No one who wants to reject the act itself would use such lucid descriptions. Modern man found such erotic imagination despicable. Also, it was quite a distorted version of ‘Gotterdammerung’( The Rhine-daughters). Moreover, it is more shocking that Thames-daughters found their loss of chastity as inevitable.

He wept. He promised “a new start.”

I made no comment. What should I

Resent?(V. 300)

The description of the third daughter was a shock to Modern Man.

I can connect

Nothing with nothing.

Modern man was in search of such electromagnetic waves that can connect nothing with nothing. It could be quite tedious to establish such a relationship.

Modern Man could like only one line in the poem.

“Shall I at least set my lands in order?”(V. 420)

That could have been a nice beginning.

The Modern Man was about to throw away the book, When The Ape Man came. He saw the book in the hand of Modern Man and laughed hysterically. The Modern Man was surprised that The Ape Man knew about the book. He felt humiliated and told the whole story.

Ape Man told the Modern Man that he had read the book superficially. Eliot said "At bottom: that is great way down; the bottom is the bottom."

Modern Man could not understand how an Ape Man could understand such a complex dilemma that he was facing.

Ape Man continued "Beneath all Beauty and Ugliness lies Fear or Boredom." (Tweet This)

Can't you see the fear and terror in 'Marie', Hyacinths girl and Madame Sosostris ? They all are scared of 'handful of dust' or crop of corpses. Fear is the key that operates Unreal City.

Hooded Man in Unreal City

Modern Man had no fear in his mind. So he had failed to understand the poem and its implications.

Ape Man could read his mind. He said "Fear is for us, for you it is Boredom. You went to commit suicide out of boredom."

Ape Man was about to explain boredom when he heard a roar of lion and eloped in the jungle. 

He asked Modern Man to contemplate about Mr. Prufrock while departing.

Mr. J A. Prufrock as symbol of Modern Man:

Mr. Prufrock in the poem “The Love Songs of J. A.Prufrock” by T.S.Eliot is also a symbol of Modern Man.He suffers the same dilemma which all the modern men suffer.

“Do I dare ? and do I dare?” is the anguish caused by a mental conflict. He is constantly forced to suppress his desire to act on natural instincts. His psyche is governed by Artificial Society which is the society of inhibitions and taboos. Modern Man wants to be rational and rebel against the irrational society but he is caught in the trap of his own mental make up which is framed by Artificial Society. He thus accepts his defeat and finds a cowardly escape in camouflaging his elemental passions behind the mask of being gentleman.

“Time yet for a hundred decisions

And for a hundred visions and revisions”

Modern Man has no paucity of time. He is not worried that time is fleeting. He is puzzled by immovability and timelessness of time. Geoffrey Bullough comments “ all wars are same war, all love making the same love making, all home coming the same home coming”.

Modern Man suffers from fear that is ecstatic. The thunder should awake a fear, but modern man due to ecstasy is unable the read the massage of  moment of thunder to surrender, release and wellbeing.

Another dilemma of Modern Man is of “folded double lie”. One is romantic lie of “Self Love” which is biggest hurdle on the path of “Universal Love”, second is “lie of Authority” which comes from State or Collective Man,neither of them really exist.

W.H.Auden in his poem September 1,1939 has given the final massage “We must love one another or die”. Though he was not sure about this doctrine and found it impracticable and deleted from the poem. This shows the importance of “Agape” if  you prefer theology.

No one exists alone. The future of entire human civilisation depends on application of Agape universally. Modern Man is blinded by Eros and though he talks of Agape but in reality neither he believes in it nor acts to implement it.

Modern Man thinks that a great poetic work was possible even if he did not believe in “Original Sin”. “The Fall” is not historic one time phenomenon but a continuous process for human civilisation.

© Vipin Behari Goyal

Advocate, Rajasthan High Court, Jodhpur, India

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How Anger Enhances Beauty

  Keats (Sketch by Charles Brown)

John Keats in his poem "Ode on Melancholy" says:

Or if thy mistress some rich anger shows,

       Emprison her soft hand, and let her rave,

               And feed deep, deep upon her peerless eyes.

She dwells with Beauty—Beauty that must die;

       And Joy, whose hand is ever at his lips

The most sensuous man, the man who could "burst Joy's grape against his palate fine," suggests that even if your beautiful mistress shows rich anger- now, why she would show a rich anger? - Either she is offended by your gestures and advances or you have tactlessly proposed her. Can a lady be ever offended by a proposal howsoever tactless it may be. No. So naturally poet thinks that being passionate and eager  some liberties were taken which offended lady, since no lady, especially the beautiful ones likes to be taken for granted.

Even then you must not be disappointed. Actually, that is the threshold of victory. If you surrender and apologize you will look down lifelong before her. You would be the joke she would tell in parties that how a little rebuke was enough to set you off.

So, go a step ahead, when discarded imprison her soft hand. Holding hand is one of the most acceptable form of romantic gesture. That is the territory, even for the noblest of lady. Imprisoning the hand is just one step further than holding the hand. It is a gesture in which you hold both of her hands in between your hands. It shows urgency, intimacy, persuasion, pleading and also thrust, power and authority.

When you are not discouraged by her rebuke and still go further and hold her hand tightly, she is taken aback. She is enraged and scorns at you in delirium.

Now look at her:

Her face is flushed. Her cheeks are crimson, and rest of her face has shades of pink up to her throat, her quivering earlobes are pink and translucent, her eyes are red with some pink threads, her voice is hoarse and husky as if groaning sub vocally, her body trembles and convulse every now and then, her breathing is heavy and uneven, and  her heaving bosom is rising and falling spasmodically.

What would you say- Is it anger or passion?

That is the beauty of it. The physical expressions of anger and passion are same. So if you don't succeed in arousing the passion arouse the anger and you would reap the same crop.

Now the context of these lines is melancholy. A feast on beauty is way out of melancholy.

Anger is an unconscious bargaining power. Most of the time beautiful girls pretend to be angry to enhance their bargaining power. They use it  to add little more fuel to the fire. It is an indirect message that she deserves a better treatment. If you do not reconcile some benefit or advantage would be denied to you. What is that? Your every guess would fail, and you would suffer a loss without ever knowing about it.

All beautiful and attractive women of the world have an idea of the this social leverage that God has bestowed on them.

Could I come near your beauty with my nails, I could set my ten commandments in your face. ~ Henry VI, Part Two by William Shakespeare

That's a catfight. A gentleman should always remain away and ignorant of it.

Tibetan scholars who were unable to find a rational argument about beauty have ultimately concluded that “for the poet, everything is beautiful” We can concede or deny the statement if you have a clear notion of what poetry is, and who is a poet?

 The sixth Dalai Lama, Tsangyang Gyatso says:

The season of flowers is over

Bee, don’t be sad

My lover’s life is spent

I should not be sad

Beauty in the poetry sense is not sensuous, it moves from the real base of mind to the new realm that is the subject matter of the poetry.

This kind of beauty cannot be destroyed by place, time or condition.

That is why the poet exclaims “A thing of beauty is joy forever.”

In Alexander Pope's play "The rape of the Lock" Belinda a character based on Arabella , a prominent beauty queen of aristocratic society is subjected to such a rage, resentment and despair that she finds following to be a trifle compared to her agony.

Not youthful kings in battle seized alive,

Not scornful virgins who their charms survive,

Not ardent lovers robbed of all their bliss,

Not ancient ladies when refused a kiss...

E'er felt such rage, resentment and despair.

The Baron, who could manage to cut off a coveted lock of Belinda's hair though she had been warned since morning by good angels about the danger.

But when to mischief mortals bend their will,

How soon they find fit instrument of ill !!

Where there is will there is a way. Baron finds an accomplice who offers him a scissors to cut a lock of Belinda in the same way arms were offered to Knights departing for battlefields. Love is War.

Ariel "watched the ideas rising in her mind, and despite pretense of Belinda to the contrary found 'an earthly lover lurking at her heart'. Ariel was amazed and confused and found his power of protection has vanished and withdrew along with all his spirits.

The moment she has a weakness for Baron the good angels had to fly away.

That's true. Every beautiful woman is protected by good angels. They protect her from miscreants. Unless the woman has some soft corner for her paramour she is safe. You need to pursue a little harder and wait for the moment when she would be most vulnerable.

© Vipin Behari Goyal
Advocate, Rajasthan High Court, Jodhpur, India